Hello and welcome to this week’s show.

In the Burkina Sahel, sorghum has always been the main cereal. But harvests have been continually decreasing for the past three decades. This has led to widespread starvation and poverty in rural communities. The old ways of farming no longer fit the new situation—in particular, the practice of burning crop residues, which destroys soil nutrients.

Fortunately, farmers are not giving up. They are constantly innovating in order to find new ways to fertilize the soil. Mulch farming is one of them. The technique involves the ingenious use of a local plant, called bâagandéin the local language or known by its scientific name as Piliostigma reticulatum. They are using this plant as a mulch which fertilizes the soil. Thanks to this method, many farmers have doubled or even tripled their yields. As you must have guessed, today’s show will discuss mulch farming.

FADE IN FARM SOUNDS FOR SEVERAL SECONDS, THEN FADE UNDER SPEAKERS

We are in Yilou village in central northern Burkina, with Harouna SAWADOGO and his family. Today, Harouna and the sevenmembers of his family are in the middle of a harvest. The men put sorghum stalks on the ground, the women cut off the grain heads, and the kids carry them to a cart pulled by a donkey. Just by looking at it, you know the harvest isgood. Let’s talk to the head of the household. Hello, please introduce yourself to our listeners.

My name is Harouna SAWADOGO. I am a sorghum farmer living in Yilou.

From what I can see, the harvest will be good.

Indeed, the harvest is very good, despite onlyaverage rainfall. We had about fifteen days without rain while the sorghum was maturing. Thankfully, the crop was not too affected. I’m expecting to harvest at least three tonnes of sorghum on my one and a half hectare field. It’s easily enough to cover my family’s needs for the whole year.

Your yields are extraordinary for thisregion, considering the deterioration of the soils. On the fields surrounding yours, the soil is hard and almost nothing grows. What’s yoursecret?

My field was as hard as the soils around it. Around here, we call that hard crust zippélés, which means “naked soil” in the Mooré language. Thanks to mulch farming, I was able to make it soft and fertile.

You mentioned mulch farming. What is it?

Mulch farming is my own innovation. Five years ago, I noticed that the most fertile places in my field were wherever branches of a leguminous shrub called Piliostigma reticulatum covered the ground. So I decided to cover the whole field with the shrub’s branches and sorghum stalks. In the first year, the effect was alreadynoticeable. But in the second year, my harvest increased substantially.

I’m puzzled. How can simply covering the field with branches and stalks make soil fertile?

Yet it’s true! Piliostigma reticulatum branches protect the soil against the winds. They also hold runoff waters and allow them to infiltrate the soil. This increases moisture in the soil and helps plants develop. To improve fertility, I bring in organic manure made with cow dung.

What did mulch farming change in your life as a farmer?

Everything. I used to earn onlyenough to feed my family for six months a year. Right now, in my granaries, I have sorghum that was harvested three years ago. I also enrolled my two youngest kids in secondary school. My family is having a good life.

Harouna is not the only farmer whose life has changed for the better. We met with another farmer who has been happy ever since he started practicing the method. Please introduce yourself to our listeners.

My name is Paténèma SAWADOGO. I am a crop and livestock farmer in Yilou.

How did you start doing mulch farming?

It happened naturally. When other farmers saw the good yields recorded by Harouna, theywanted to follow his example. So we created a farmer field school, with the support of a development project.

What are the benefits of mulch farming?

There are several. As well as increasing yield, usingvegetationreduces work time. We don’t need to do more arduous methods like building zaipits and stone barriers.

Dear listeners, in the first part of our program, we discovered how mulch farming works and what its benefits are. In this second part, we will discuss thedifficulties and challenges related to mulch farming. We are still with Harouna and Paténèma SAWADOGO. Based on your experience, what are the difficulties?

The availability of vegetationis the main difficulty. We also need it to feed livestock. Also, women gather the sorghum stalksand use them as firewood.

To increase the amount of vegetationin the fields, we planted Piliostigma reticulatum seedlings. But they grow slowly, and the need is huge. This is why we cover our fields with sorghum stalks.

What do agricultural experts who supervise growers think about mulch farming? We asked GEORGES FÉLIX for his opinion. Mr. Felix works at Wageningen University in the Netherlands and cooperates with the Institut de la Recherche pour le Développement, or IRD, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Please introduce yourself.

My name is GEORGES FÉLIX. As part of my doctoral work at university, I work on restoring farmland in collaboration with IRD and farm families in Burkina Faso.

What do you think of mulch farming?

It’s an interesting innovation. Placing vegetationon the soil allows it to retain moisture. For example, when termites consume vegetation, itbecomes humus and enriches the soil. Also, the termites dig underground tunnels which enable runoff water to penetrate into the soil.

What are the limitations of the method?

One of the limitations is the extent to which farmers understand it. It’s not as simple as applying a fertilizer. You must know when and where to apply vegetation.

What is the best time to apply the mulch and the best soil to apply it on?

The best way to benefit from mulch farming is to start preparing the field before the rainy season starts. We advise farmers to cover the whole field with Piliostigma reticulatum or sorghum stalks. Then, as soon as it starts raining, the field will be ready for sowing.

Is this method suitable for all types of soil?

We are currently researching this question. But, generally, farmers use the method in places where the soils have a hard crust. They don’t apply the method in lowlands.

How could farmers improve the method?

For the past three years, we’ve been working with farmerson standardizingand improving the innovation. We have experimental fields in Yilou.

What are the results of that experimentation?

We’ve noticed that when we apply a double dose of mulch, yields are one-third better than with a single dose. This is no doubt because the soil retains moisture better and allows water to infiltrate, in addition to the organic plant material the mulch provides to the soil.

What isa single dose and what is a double dose?

A single is between 800 kilos and 1200 kilos of vegetationper hectare. A double dose is 1600 to 2000 kilos per hectare.

Do you think this method could be useful to farmers in all Sahelian countries?

Yes, it’s possible because the shrub grows everywhere in this area—Piliostigma reticulatum in the Sahel and Piliostigma thonningii(Editor’s note: called bâaganyaanga in the Moore language) in more humid areas.

It’s not an imported method, so it’s easy to copy. Farmers just need to be convinced that there’s an alternative to burning vegetation. Theycan use this methodto improve soils. And they can be inspired bythese innovative farmers from Yilou to use local plants to increase soil fertility.

Listeners, Piliostigma reticulatum increases the amount of carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen in the soil. It also contributes to termite activity in the soil. All these factors increase soil fertility.

It’s important to note that some shrubs belonging to the same family havesimilar properties toPiliostigma reticulatum, and will also help your soil and your crops. These include Combretum micranthum—called randga in Moore and Combretum glutinosum, called kutumpãgade in Moore.

Dear listeners, today we talked about “mulch farming.”Farmers in central Burkina Faso are covering some parts oftheir fields with branches of a shrub called Piliostigma reticulatum in order to increase soil fertility, which allowsthem to produce more and better crops.

They start mulching their fields as soon as the rainy season is over. You must cover the whole field with branches. If there are not enough branches, you can use sorghum stalks to increase the surface of the field that is covered with vegetation. When you cover the field this way, you protect it from sun, wind, and runoff.

To increase soil fertility, you can also spread organic fertilizer or compost on the field. You can then plant as soon as the first rains start. To get the expected benefits, it is important to repeat the same activities every year. By doing this, your children will have fertile lands, which will enable them to grow the food their families need.

On these words, we conclude today’s show. See you next week to discuss another topic. Goodbye!